Units, Pseudo-units and Units Conversion 1
Units and Computer Math 1
Are There Divinely Given Units? 2
Pseudo-Units 3
Units Conversions 6
Range Limitations on Measurements 7
Log-Log and Semi-log Plots 11
Interpolation of Log Scales 13
Temperature Range Specifications 15
Computer-Based Instruments 17
Acquisition and Processing 18
Autocalibration 20
Two-Point Calibration 21
Differential Amplifiers 25
One-Op-Amp Diff-Amp with Offset 26
Diff-Amp Calibration and Measurement 31
Effect of Resistor Tolerances on Diff-Amp Gains 33
Diff-Amp Common-Mode Rejection 38
Statistical Error Analysis 41
Diff-Amp Error Example 50
Diff-Amp with Resistor Network 56
Gain-Switched Amplifiers 59
V/I Converters with Two Inputs 62
Decade Dividers of 1 % Resistors 64
Multi-Stage Resistive Dividers 67
Terminated Power Splitter 70
Terminated Divider 71
T Attenuators 74
Π Attenuators 77
Source-Measure Units (SMUs) 79
Output Amplifiers 82
Amplifier Output Resistance 89
Amplifier Active Termination Resistance 91
Amplifier Zo Compensation 96
Amplifier Error Sources 100
Autozeroing 103
User-Proof External Supplies 104
One-BJT Current Limiter 105
Improved One-BJT Current Limiter 107
Two-BJT Current Limiter 111
Potentiometer Loading 117
TL431 Voltage Regulator 122
TL431 Circuit Model 124
TL431 Parameter Derivations 128
Output Resistance 128
rout from Gm Currents 130
Gm and ro from Test Data 131
TL431 in Feedback Circuits 133
TL431 Dynamics 136
TL431 Output Impedance 141
Translinear Multipliers 145
Analog & Digital Compared 149
PWM DAC 154
μC-Based Σ-Δ ADCs 157
Σ-Δ ADCs with Op-Amp Integrator 161
Σ-Δ ADC Dynamics 162
ADC Input Ranging 163
Two-Resistor Bipolar-to-Unipolar Conversion 164
General Bipolar-to-Unipolar Conversion 165
ADC Input Divider Design Procedure 167
ADCs and DACs in Feedback Loops 169
ADC and DAC
Transfer Functions 171
Discrete Complex-Frequency Domain 176
Discrete-Time Transformation by w 180
From z to Discrete-t Equations 182
DSP, Control, and Numerical Analysis 183
Incremental Sine-Cosine Generation 185
Incremental Function Simulation 191
Amplitude Stability Criteria 198
Digital Integrator Frequency Response 200
Digital Integrator Circuits 205
General Instrument Architecture 212
Instrument Architecture Philosophy 217
Measurement Instrument Subsystems 221
Analog and Digital Form a Continuum 225
Optimal Real-Time μC Architecture 227
Instrument Project Development 229
Concept 229
Design 229
Evaluation 230
Verification 230
Instrument Packaging 231
Front-Panel Design 231
Planar Boards 234
Modular Stacks 235
Single-Board Instruments 238
Computer-Based Instruments 244
InterModule Bus 247
Bus Connector and Pin Assignments 247
Module Selection 248
Module Configuration 249
Parallel Bus 250
Serial Bus 251
Analog Pipes 251
Power Bus 252
Monolithic Instrument Integration 252
Instruments Not Yet Integrated 254
The Configuration Problem 256
The Minimum-Subsystem Instrument 258
Can μCs Replace Analog Circuits? 261
Microcontroller Design Tradeoffs 263
Numerical Representation in E16 269
Instrument Computing Environment 270
Numeric Display 280
7-Segment Display Driver 283
Compilation 289
Switch-Mouse 291
Two-Point Calibration 298
Menu Functions 301
Rational Number Arithmetic 306
Graphic Display 313
Embedded Diagnosis 317
Functional and Parametric Faults 319
Structure, Behavior, and Function 320
Knowledge-Based Diagnosis 322
Knowledge-Based Instrument Architecture 326
Instrument Electrical Processor 329
Waveform Processor 330
Waveform and Electrical Object Representation 331
Task Decomposition 336
KBD Feasibility and Plan 337
Epistemological Postscript 340
348 total pages
