Amplifier Circuits 

Table of Contents

Preface

Quasistatic Amplifier Circuits

Electronic Design

Electronic Design 1

Product Development 2

Design-Driven Analysis 3

   Managing Complexity 4

Nonlinear Circuit Analysis 5

Circuit Design Procedure 8

Amplifier Circuits

BJT T Model 10

The b Transform 12

Two-Port Circuits 13

Amplifier Configurations 15

The Transresistance Method 15

Input and Output Resistances 19

   CE Amplifier Example 20

   CC Amplifier Example 24

The Cascade Amplifier 28

BJT Output Resistance 30

The Cascode Amplifier 33

   Cascode Amplifier Example 34

   Complementary Cascode Amplifier Example 36

The Effect of Base-Emitter Shunt Resistance 39

The Darlington  Amplifier 44

   Darlington  Amplifier Example 45

The Differential (Diff-Pair) Amplifier 48

   Differential Amplifier With CC Output 55

Current Mirrors 57

   RB-Compensated Current Mirror 61

   Incremental Gain 66

   b Sensitivity of RB-Compensated Current Mirror 67

Matched Transistor Buffers and Complementary Combinations 69

Closure  & References 73

Amplifier Concepts

The Reduction Theorem 74

µ Transform of BJT and FET T Models 76

Common-Gate Amplifier with ro  78

Common-Source Amplifier with ro 80

Common-Drain Amplifier with ro  83

FET Cascode Amplifier with ro  84

Common-Base Amplifier with ro  85

CC and CE Amplifiers with ro 88

Loaded Dividers 92

Source Shifting 93

Substitution Theorem 95

Closure & References 96

Feedback Amplifiers

Feedback Circuits Block Diagram 97

Port Resistances with Dependent Sources 98

General Feedback Circuit 99

Input Circuit Summing 100

Choosing xE, xf, and the Input Network Topology 103

Two-Port Equivalent Circuits 105

Two-Port Loading Theorem 107

Feedback Analysis Procedure 109

Noninverting Op-Amp 110

Inverting Op-Amp 112

Inverting BJT Amplifier Examples 116

Two-BJT Inverting Feedback Amplifier 123

Noninverting BJT Amplifier Examples 126

   Noninverting Feedback Amplifier 131

   Noninverting BJT Feedback Amplifier 133

A Noninverting Feedback Amplifier with Output Block 136

FET Buffer Amplifier 140

Feedback Effects on Input and Output Resistance 142

Miller's Theorem 145

Noise Rejection by Feedback 147

Reduction of Nonlinearity with Feedback 149

Closure & References 150

Multiple-Path Feedback Amplifiers

Multiple-Path Feedback Circuits 151

CB Amplifier Feedback Analysis 154

   Inverting CB Feedback Amplifier 157

   CB BJT Amplifier with RCE 159

CE Amplifier Feedback Analysis 161

   CE Amplifier with RCE 166

CC Amplifier Feedback Analysis 168

Inverting Op-Amp with Output Resistance 169

Shunt-Feedback Amplifier Feedback Analysis 173

   Shunt-Feedback BJT Amplifier Example 178

Shunt-Feedback Amplifier Substitution Theorem Analysis 180

   CB Shunt-Feedback Amplifier Example 182

Idealized Shunt-Feedback Amplifier 183

   Transconductance Amplifier Example 186

Cascode Amplifier 187

Differential Shunt-Feedback Amplifier 188

Blackman's Resistance Formula 191

Shunt-Feedback Voltage Amplifier Example 195

The Asymptotic Gain Method 197

Emitter-Coupled Feedback Amplifier 199

   Emitter-Coupled Feedback Amplifier Example 201

Inverting Feedback Amplifier 202

   Audiotape Playback Amplifier 205

   Audio Preamplifier with Noninverting Feedback 206

Closure & References 207

Dynamic Amplifier Circuits

Transient and Frequency Response

Reactive Circuit Elements 208

First-Order Time-Domain Transient Response 210

Complex Poles and the Complex Frequency Domain 213

Second-Order Time Domain Response: RLC Circuit 216

Forced Response and Transfer Functions in the s-Domain 221

The Laplace Transform 225

   Series RC Circuit 229

   Wien-Bridge Filter 230

   Inverse of Wien-Bridge Filter 230

   Shunt-Series RC Circuit 231

   Crystal Equivalent Circuit 232

Time-Domain Circuit Response 233

   The Arctangent 237

   Sums of Sine and Cosine 239

Time-Domain RLC Step Response 240

   Current-Driven Inductor Circuit 244

Circuit Characterization in the Time Domain 246

The s-Plane Frequency Response of Transfer Functions 250

Graphical Representation of Frequency Response 252

   Phase-Lag Circuit with Capacitive Output Loading 257

Locations of Quadratic Poles 259

Optimization of Time- and Frequency-Domain Responses 261

   Parallel Resonant Circuit 266

Impedance-Graph Transfer Functions of Passive Circuits 267

   Wien-Bridge Filter (continued) 273

   Inverse of Wien-Bridge Filter (cont.) 273

   Phase-Lag Circuit with Capacitive Output Loading 274

Cascaded RC Integrators 274

Closure & References 278

Dynamic Response Compensation

Passive Compensation: Voltage Divider 280

   Shunt-Series All-Pass Circuit 282

   Series-Shunt All-Pass Circuit 282

Op-Amp Transfer Functions from Impedance Graphs 283

Feedback Circuit Response Representation 289

Feedback Circuit Stability 295

   Two-Pole Feedback Amplifier Stability 300

   Transimpedance Amplifier with Input capacitance 301

Maximum Loop-Gain Poles for Stability 304

Compensation Techniques 306

Compensation with Zeros in H  311

   Op-Amp Input Capacitance Compensation 314

Phase-Lead Compensation 317

   Op-Amp Phase-Lead Compensation 318

   Transimpedance Amplifier with Input Capacitance (cont) 326

Phase-Lag Compensation in G 327

   Phase-Lag Compensation in G Example 329

Phase-Lag Compensation in H 332

   Phase-Lag Compensation in H with Two Poles in G 336

Compensator Design: Reduced Quasistatic Loop Gain 340

Compensator Design: Pole Separation and Parameter Variation 342

Transimpedance Amplifier Pole-Splitting 352

Two-Pole Compensation 354

   Two-Pole Compensator Circuit 355

   Two-Pole Compensator Design Constraints 358

   Generalized Two-Pole Compensator 360

   Two-pole Compensator Design 362

   Compensator Static Stabilization 364

Output Load Isolation 368

   Load Capacitance Compensation 373

Complex Pole Compensation 376

   Compensation by Complex Pole-Zero Cancellation 379

Compensation by the Direct (Truxal’s) Method 379

Power Supply Bypassing 380

   Damping Oscillation Through Bypassing 381

Reference 382

High-Frequency Impedance Transformations

Active Device Behavior above Bandwidth 383

BJT High-Frequency Model 384

High-Frequency Base Impedance 386

   Shunt RC-Loaded CC Amplifier Example 389

High-Frequency Emitter Impedance 390

Impedance Graphs of b-Gyrated Circuits 393

Impedance Graphs and Stability Criteria 395

CC Impedance Graph Stability 396

CC High-Frequency Equivalent Circuit 399

   CC Stability with Shunt Base RC 400

   CC Series R Compensation 401

CC Total-Frequency Compensation 402

   Power Amplifier CC Output Stage 403

CC Base Circuit Resonance 405

CC Compensation with Base Series RC 406

BJT Amplifier with Base Inductance 408

The Effect of rb' on Stability 410

FET High-Frequency Analysis 411

Feedback Amplifier Output Impedance 412

   Feedback Amplifier Output Resonance 413

Closure & References 415

Index

 

A - Z  417

 

421 numbered pages

430 printed pages

2 blank pages

432 total pages

 


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